Lilith is the female demon of Mesopotamian religion is associated with the storm, believed to be the bearer of misfortune, sickness and death. The figure of Lilith first appears in a set of demons and spirits related to the wind and storm, as is the case in the religion of Lilitu Sumerian, about 3000 BC Various scholars date the origin around 700 BC [1]. Lilith appears in the collection of beliefs of Judaism as a demon at night, or as a coquette who launched his scream in the form of so-called King James Bible. In the tradition of Kabbalah, is the name of the first woman created, first mate of Adam and Eve before. His figure, delineated in the Middle Ages, myths and legends dating back to ancient Mesopotamia. In the popular Jewish demon night is dreaded as capable of bringing harm to male children and with the negative aspects of femininity: adultery, witchcraft and lust.
the late 800, in parallel with the increasing empowerment of women in the Western world, the figure of Lilith became the symbol of female to male subjects who do not, and re-evaluated in the neo-pagan religions, is placed next to symbols such as the Great Mother.
Lilith in the mannerism of the fin de siècle English Pre-Raphaelite artist John Collier, 1892
Lilith in the mannerism of the fin de siècle English Pre-Raphaelite artist John Collier, 1892
historical-linguistic connotation
The Mesopotamian Akkadian Lil-itu ("Mrs. air ") may refer to the Sumerian goddess Ninlil (also" lady air "), goddess of the south wind and wife of Enlil. The story of Adapa tells how Adapa had broken the wings of the south wind, action for which he was afraid of being punished with death. In ancient Iraq, the south wind is associated with aggression carried by dust storms in southern and general diseases. The corresponding Akkadian masculine suffixes desinenziali Lilu does not show and is similar to the Sumerian (kiskil-) lilla.
Etymology Jewish
The Akkadian Lilitu and lEbraico לילית (lilith) [2] are feminine adjectives derived from the root proto-Semitic language
Folklore
In Jewish folklore, Lilith ט a terrible demon.
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a tradition that is placed around the neck of newborn male with an amulet list the names of three angels (Senoy, and Sansenoy Semangelof) to protect them from Lilith before the circumcision ritual. According to another version you trace a magic circle around the crib with the names of the angels. [Citation needed] Another tradition states that still expects to cut hair for a guy to believe that Lilith is a girl .
An amulet from the 18th or 19th century Persian, a protective charm for a baby, kept in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, depicts Lilith in chains, with "blind Lilith in chains" written under each arm.
Some guys you think teenagers then to cause nocturnal emission which generates demons (jinn in the Arab-Islamic tradition), thus acting as a succubus spirit similar nightmare male female spirit.
These folk customs suggest that Lilith is not the creation of medieval authors, but belongs to ancient beliefs pi ש. In fact there are many symbols connected to the deep that can be found in many cultures combined in different ways, to this day the myth ט even come back to life, in mutated forms, creating new imagery in popular culture, literature, comics, video games.
Lilith Lilith in the Bible only appears once in the Bible, Isaiah 34:14, describing the desolation of Edom.
Hebrew (ISO 259): Page Up ṣiyyim et-ʾ iyyim w-sa ʿ ir ʿ al-r ח ʿ hu yiqra ʾ ak נ am hirgi ʿ ah Lilit u-mas ʾ ah lah Manohar
edition of the CEI, 1974 translated as "Lilith" with "owls"
Wikiquote "Wild Cats will meet with hyenas, the satyrs will call each other and there will also stop the owls will find quiet and stay '
(Isaiah 34:14) [5]
and then continues:
Collaborate articles on "There is the snake will nest Strut א, א you lay eggs, to gather and disclose א א small in his shadow, there will flock also hawks, each seeking the other, no one to wait א. "
(Isaiah 34:15) [5]
What seems to follow the footsteps of the story of the tree huluppu [3]. The book of Isaiah ט dated to the seventh century BC, and the presence of Jews in Babylon would coincide with the attested references to L gi א מ מ you in the Babylonian demonology. Schrader (Jahrbuch f r Protestantische Theologie, 1. 128) and Levy (ZDMG 9. 470, 484) suggest that Lilith was a deity of the night א, also known as the Jewish exiles in Babylon.
Actually א passages of Genesis were to be speculating on the existence of a woman who preceded Eve explains that a demon Lilith ט, as those spirits harmful created during the first six days of Creation, became demons because י rebelled against the Lord who does not don ע their body as it was instead to Adam and Eve, who is said they were united in one mind before being divided and then trained as first man and first woman א mankind. The creation of man and woman is in fact mentioned in the first chapter:
In the second chapter is then repeated with different words, before the creation of man from the dust of the ground (Genesis 2:7) and then, from Adam's rib (Genesis 2:22), the creation of the woman called Eve.
Torah commentators argue that before Eve was made by the Lord to Adam, the latter not ע Lilit ע did not like that.
The Zohar explains that the demon Lilith, a figure impure, cooperates closely with the angel Satan.
Lilith in the Talmud
Although the Talmudic references to Lilith are sparse, these passages provide the best image of the demon so far found in Jewish literature, which refers to Lilith's Mesopotamian origins and prefigure her future as exegetical enigma of the Genesis. Recalling Lilith we have seen allusions Talmud that they paint as having wings and long hair, going back to the first mention in Gilgamesh:
Pi ש only the Talmud, about Lilith ט his carnalit א unhealthy, alluded to in the "Seductress" but ט expanded without metaphors vague idea of \u200b\u200bdemon that takes the form of a woman for sexual abuse of men during their sleep:
Wikiquote 'R. Hanina said ע can not sleep alone in the house [in a lonely house], and whoever sleeps alone in a house seized by Lilith ט. "
(Shabbat 151B)
However, the design more innovative ש Lilith offered by the Talmud appears in Erubin and ש ט more than likely be responsible for the Lilith myth for centuries to come:
Wikiquote 'R. Jeremiah b. Eleazar also said all those years [130 years expulsion from the Garden of Eden] during which he was banished, Adam gener ע ghosts and evil demons and demons female [demons of the night], as ט said in the Scriptures: "And Adam lived one hundred and thirty years, and had ע a son to him like (Shet, as Abel, ט brother of Cain), made in his image, and we ע it follows that before that time had not created in his image ... when he saw that through him the death penalty costs had become one hundred and thirty years of debauchery, ע cuts ties with his wife for 130 years, wears cool clothes for 130 ע years. This quote [R. Jeremiah] was made in reference to the seed that Adam uttered accidentally. "
('Erubin 18b) Comparing
' Erubin Shabbath 18b and 151B with the song from the Zohar:" She wanders into the night, harassing the children of men and pushing them to become impure "(19b), it seems clear that this Talmudic passage indicates a union between Adam and Lilith.
female demon Lilith as a figure from Adam met
A source in the story that describes Lilith as the first female figure seen by Adam ט The Alphabet of Ben-Sira, named Yeshua ben Sira (second century BC.) but in reality א ט was written by an anonymous author in the tenth century AD [6]
The book is told that Lilith, while at first ProVoc ע Adam, then was spiritually ע won by the latter and leaves the Garden of Eden. As evidence of the superiority א moral and ethical, spiritual and wisdom of mankind demons, which are known as the world dell'impurit א the other side, ט wrote:
Wikiquote 'She said' no star ע under you, 'and he said' And I do not ע lie beneath you, but only on . ט be suitable for you just below, while I am made to be on top. "
Lilith ע ruling infuriated the name of God [7], took flight and abandoned ע the garden of Paradise, taking refuge on the shores of the Red Sea. Lilith leaves ע Heaven on their own initiative, before the fall of man and not touching the Tree of Knowledge was not condemned to mortality א.
After Lilith ע mates with Asmodai [8] and various demons who finds ע over the Red Sea, creating an endless generation of Jinn. Adam asked God to bring Lilith back, so three angels, called Senoy, Sansenoy Semangelof and were sent to search for it. When the three angels found Lilith, enjoined to return the death threats, she said she could not have come back to Adam after he had relations with demons and that it could die because immortal. But when the Angels threatened to kill the children she had borne with demons begged them ע not to do so promising that he would not have affected the descendants of Adam and Eve, if only they had pronounced the names of three angels. [9]
I previous order of the Alphabet of Ben-Sira is unclear. ָ a collection of stories about heroes of the Bible and Talmud, and could be a collection of folk tales, a refutation of Judaism, the Cristianit א, or other separatist movements. Its contents appear to be offensive about the Judaism of the time, some believe that it is a satire of anti-Jewish [10]. Handed down by Jewish mystics of medieval Germany. Becomes widely known Lexicon Talmudicum Johannes Buxtorf the seventeenth century.
The myth of Lilith as Adam's first wife, is resumed in the thirteenth century in what became a canonical text of the literature post-Talmudic, the S ט fer ha-Z ע har or "Book of Splendor," written by Shimon Bar Yochai, or, as others, by an anonymous Castile, or even by Moshe de Leon. The Z ע har ט a collection of speeches, some laconic and obscure, other flowers and with a particularly inventive vocabulary that reinterprets and reinvents the tradition, sometimes inspiring the doubt sometimes giving the impression of facing reality א deep and terrible. Absolutely no sistematicit א ט was seen by many as the mystical Jewish text ש more closely to their feelings.
Mesopotamian origin
There ט one earlier tradition in which the figure of Lilith Jewish can ע point out, there are at least three, one linked to a demon of desolation and drying associated with the wind and that the name "Lilith ", one linked to a demon of destruction and death, the third, the most noble in origin ש, Ishtar or Astarte (or if we are to worship the Mother Goddess of femininity א) that the Jews worshiped the same at the beginning of their history, as witnessed in the Bible ט [9].
Mythology Sumerian-Akkadian
Lilith is identified with ki-Sikil-lil-la-KE4 woman demon in the Sumerian language and appears in the story "tree huluppu" whose protagonists are Gilgamesh and Inanna [11].
Inanna is a tree on the banks of the Euphrates that huluppu ט uprooted by water erosion, it takes one to plant in her garden with the intention of using wood to make his throne and his bed. But after ten years, when the tree ט grown ע can not be used.
Wikiquote (EN)
"Then a serpent who Could not be charmed
Made ITS nest in the roots of the tree-huluppu. The Anzu-bird September
His young in the branches of the tree.
And the dark maid Lilith built her home in the trunk. "
Wikiquote (IT)
" So a snake that can not be enchanted ע
made its nest in the tree's roots huluppu
Anzu bird set his young in the branches of the tree and the virgin
Black Lilith ל building his home in the trunk. "
(from" the tree huluppu [12])
Inanna, the young goddess who loves to smile at this point cry, cry cats and dogs but does not resolve the situation. Call to help her brother Gilgamesh with a prodigious force hits the snake in the roots, the Anzu bird and then flees with his young to the mountains and cos ל Lilith, toward the wilderness. The passage of Gilgamesh
mentioned above, ט been used by some [citation needed] to bind to the relief of Lilith Burney, a pottery (1950 BC), Babylonian, which depicts a naked woman with wings, with claws instead of feet and flanked two owls. Acquired by the British Museum in London ט title Queen of the Night (Queen of the Night), a similar survey and about the same period in the Louvre in Paris ט (AO 6501).
Mythology
Babylonian Babylonian mythology has highlighted three classes of evil spirits [13]: *
Devils - have the same nature of the gods and produce storms and disease.
* Ghosts - souls of the dead who wander the earth without finding peace.
* Demons - human beings for half and half א א divine.
Lilu, Lili Ardat Lilitu and form a triad of demons, mythology Mesopotamian ט often formed by divine triads, the demon male ט Lilu, Lili Ardat Lilitu female and young daughter. Lilitu of the Thompson says that the devil ט that man creates on the bed during sleep [9]
The "Lilith Prophylactic" Arslan Tash (Aleppo National Museum) dated to the seventh century BC (some consider it a fake [citation needed]) indicate a creature resembling a sphinx and a female wolf in the act of devouring a child, with an inscription indicating the phonetic sphinx as Lili. The association with owls ט difficult to date, and could be due to the association of the bird seen as a nocturnal bloodsucker spirit.
The other components of the myth
But the Jewish Lilith is not derived from a single correspondent, other figures, a component of the symbol. ט Lamassu the demon half woman and half-cow, the female counterpart of Lamashtu, the famous winged bull with human face bearded Assyrian iconography. The Lamassu becomes the Greek Lamia [14]. His only presence meant destruction and the image was used as an apotropaic symbol to strike terror and to protect the city א and buildings. But the feature of irresistibilit א of feminine charm comes from Ishtar (Sumerian Inanna) known to the Jews by the Syrian Astarte which was practiced sacred prostitution. Cos ל ב h as the Canaanite Asher, who is venerated as a goddess in the first instance by the Jews themselves [9]. ָ in this step, the prohibition of worship of a deity א women, we can read the element of femininity א rebel in Lilith, where the imaginary beauty, fecundity א and femininity א come together to revive a figure until then only a symbol of death and devastation .
Christianity and Bible translations
Even in Christian circles is Lilith responsible for the deaths of babies is justified cos ל numerous deaths in the first 20 days of life. [Citation needed] Geronimo of Cardia translated Lilith with lamia, a monster Horace (De Arte Poetica liber, 340) describes as a witch who steals children, similar to the Breton Morrigan, in Greek mythology instead ט described as a Libyan queen that mates with Zeus ע. After Zeus had abandoned Lamia, Hera ע rub the children of Lamia and Lamia ע takes revenge by kidnapping the children of other women.
owl translation of the grating version of King James Bible ט unprecedented. Apparently an attempt to make the bleak atmosphere of its passage by choosing an animal comparison, however difficult to be translated from Hebrew as "owl" (yanšup, probably a water bird) and "great owl" (qippoz, ש more properly a snake) .
Translations pi ש recent include:
* owl of the night (Young, 1898)
* monster of the night (ASV, 1901, NASB 1995)
* torment of the night (RSV, 1947)
* creature of the night (NKJV 1982 , NLT 1996) neo-pagan Religions
Stubby
ט This section only a sketch.
In recent times risen to the Lilith ט א dunk symbol of femininity the arrogance of male patriarchal culture, so it is particularly seen in the culture of Wicca [citation needed].
Performances
As is indicated as a woman of beauty superhuman which ט impossible to resist is portrayed [citation needed]:
* covered with hair, but lacked the hair full, as was customary in the areas in the Middle East
* with hooves instead of י feet, clear symbolism to its link with the moon, sometimes the tail has a siren
* occurs only at night
* has long red hair, curly blue leather
* * * fiery eyes
wings, after having acquired spoken the secret name of God
* ט immortal, having left Eden before God deprive humanity א א dell'immortalit
Lilith in 'modern imaginary
Note: These examples are based on somewhat mythological figure discussed above, examples where the name was borrowed without relevance to the myth.
* The title of Lilith Fairy was taken from the legend of Lilith as Adam's first wife, honoring modern imagination as a feminist icon.
* In the late nineteenth century, the Scottish Christian author George MacDonald incorporates the story of Lilith as Adam's first wife and predator of Eve's children in a mythological fantasy novel in the Romantic style. The figure also describes how in need of divine redemption.
* The Chronicles of Narnia, CS Lewis, the main antagonist, the White Witch, is described as a descendant of Lilith.
* In the game Vampire: the Masquerade, it is said that Lilith had been his sister and lover of Cain and Abel (and because of Abel's murder).
* In the book The Diary of Professor Abraham Van Helsing, published by Allen Conrad Kupfer, Lilith is mentioned with different names such as Malia, Lamia or Lilitu and ט a vampire. ש is more frequently mentioned that he was incredibly charming and had the power to control men with the power of his gaze. This is outlined with red eyes and long hair curly red. In the book, the vampire has the power to control nature (or, rather, some animals like wolves and bats).
* The concept album of Virgin Steele Visions of Eden Lilith ט א a deity that has contributed to the creation and ט was the first wife of Adam.
* Lilith appears as a succubus in Aleister Crowley's De Arte Magica
* In the Japanese animated series Neon Genesis Evangelion, in extreme depth א Terminal Dogma-general of the headquarters of NERV, Lilith appears as a giant being: his hands are nailed to a cross like that of Christ and his abdomen pierced by the Spear of Longinus ט. * In the comic
Gea di Luca Enoch ט This triad of the demons Lilu, Lilitu Ardat and Lili, who plot against the human race for the possession of the Earth.
Literature
In Goethe's Faust Lilith is in the Walpurgis Night:
Wikiquote Faust, but the one who ט?
MEFISTOFELE: the Lilith ט
FAUST: Who?
Mephistopheles: Adam's first wife,
He is warned by her beautiful hair
From the splendor that only the capacity. Make
that has captivated those with a young man, want
And there before you leave. "
In Italy ט Primo Levi to write in Lilith and Other Stories, set in a death camp. Wikiquote
"God ט left alone, as happens to many, could not resist the temptation and took a mistress ט: you know who?" She Lilith, the Devil, and this was a scandal unprecedented ט. "
Dead Sea Scrolls
The appearance of Lilith in the Dead Sea Scrolls ט discussed more [citation needed], with an indisputable reference in the" Song for a scholar "(4Q510-511), and a more promising allusion found by A. Baumgarten in "The Seductress (4Q184).
The first and irrefutable Lilith reference in the song appears in 4Q510, fragment 1:
Wikiquote "And I, the Master [lit. Instructor], do hereby proclaim His glorious splendor so ל to terrify and terrorize all the spirits of the destroying angels, spirits of the bastards, demons, Lilith, screamers, and [desert dwellers] and those that fall on people without warning to make them swerve from a spirit of understanding and to make their hearts and their [-] desolate during the present dominion of wickedness and predetermined time א humiliation for the children of light, through the fault, the ages of those who are afflicted dall'iniquit א - not for eternal destruction, but for an era of humiliation for transgression. "
Linked to Isaiah 34:14, this liturgical text attempts to take the distances from the presence of entities א supernatural evil and at the same time demonstrates familiarity א with Lilith, unlike the biblical text, however, this step does not have social-political in any program, but serves as Exorcism (4Q560) and Song of the Demons Missing (11Q11) so as to be including in some spells, comparable to the relief of 'Arslan Tash considered over-used to "help in the protection of the faithful against the power of the spirits." Send cos ל ט, א for a community "deeply involved in the realm of demonology," an exorcism hymn.
Another text discovered at Qumran, usually associated with the Book of Proverbs, appropriates the myth of Lilith in his description of a dangerous woman and the attractive- Seductress (4Q184). The ancient poem-first century after Christ, but much more plausibly ש-old woman describes a treacherous and continually warns the reader of the dangers of an encounter with her. Usually the woman described in the text ט matched to a "strange woman" of Proverbs 2 and 5, and for good reason, the parallel ט immediately recognizable:
Wikiquote "Her house sinks into death, and follow
leads to the shadows.
All those who follow
can not return And find again the paths of life. "
(Proverbs 2:18-19)
Wikiquote" Her gates are gates of death, and the entry of the house
departs to Sheol. No
entering א never will come back,
and those who have come down the abyss. "
However, there ע that this association does not consider are the further description of the" Seductress "of the Qumran that can not be associated with the" strange woman "of Proverbs, for example, horns and wings," a multitude of sins ט in his wings. " The woman described in Proverbs ט no doubt [citation needed] a prostitute, or at least its representation, and one of those communities with which the text was familiar א א. The "Seductress" of the text of Qumran, in contrast, can not ע have represented a threat given the existing social features א the ascetic community in question. Otherwise, the text of the Qumran uses the image of Proverbs to present a threat ש more extensive and supernatural, the threat of the demon Lilith.
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